Copper Plating Intermediates
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UPS UPS

1. UPS serves as the grain refiner at HCD area for acid copper baths.
2. It performs well in leveling and fast brightening at high and middle current density area. UPS helps ameliorate the stability of baths and elevates the current efficiency.
3. It is always used in combination with Poly alcohol or non-ionic surface active agent to supply deposit which has perfect brightening and ductility features. It can also be added into other acid plating baths, such as acid silver or palladium plating.
MPS MPS

1. The features of MPS are similar to SP. It is good in throwing at high temperature.
2. It is always utilized in combination with SP, GISS, PN, P or N.
ZPS ZPS

1. It is the brightener for copper plating and could be used in combination with polyether or wetting agent.
2. It could also be used in combination with other sulfur-bearing brightener.
3. It could be used in precious metals autocalytic plating.
M M

1. It could provide brightening deposit which has high degree of leveling and ductility features within a wide range of temperature. It performs well as brightening and leveling agent.
2. It makes it possible to enlarge the brightening scope of deposit and bring the effects of N to the full play.
3. If the content of M is too low, the deposit's leveling and brightness will decline. Low current density areas will not be brightening.
4. If the content of M is too high, pitting or even orange peel or burning will appear at the surface of deposit. The thickness of the deposit at the HCD areas will decrease, and then a small amount of P or SP could be added or using electrolysis to solve the problems.
N N

1. Being similar to M, N could also provide brightening deposit which has high degree of leveling and ductility features within a wide range of temperature.
2. Adding a little amount makes the solution effective.
3. If the content of N is too low, both the brightening and leveling degrees of the deposit will decline, especially the low current density areas which may even glow.
4. If the content of N is too high, dendritic pattern brightening stripes will emerge at the surface of deposit. The leveling feature will also decrease. SP or M could be added or using electrolysis to solve the problems.
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